The koban (小判, alternately ōban) was a Japanese oval gold coin in Edo period feudal Japan, equal to ten ryō, another early Japanese monetary unit (a ryō can be imagined as worth a thousand dollars, although the value of the coin, like the value of the dollar, varied considerably).

The Keichō koban, a gold piece, contained about one ryō of gold, so that koban carried a face value of one ryō. However, successive mintings of the koban had varying (usually diminishing) amounts of gold. As a result, the ryō as a unit of weight of gold and the ryō as the face value of the koban were no longer synonymous.

The Maneki Neko is often depicted holding a koban, though the koban most Maneki Neko hold is indicated to be worth ten million ryō.

Koban can refer to two different Japanese words, with different pronunciations:

• kōban (交番), with a long o: Koban (police box)
• Koban (小判), with a short o: Koban, a former Japanese oval gold coin

It is also the name of the ancient Koban culture in Ossetia.

The halfpenny coin was the second smallest denomination of the pre-decimal Irish pound at 1/480 of the pound. The artist was given the choice of a boar, sow or ram and ultimately the sow, with a litter was chosen.

The design was by Percy Metcalf, an English artist, and the coin had a diameter of 1.005 inches (25.5 mm) and weight if 5.66990 grams. The coin was introduced in 1928 and ceased to be legal tender on August 1 1969.

• Coinage (Calling In) Order, 1969

Coin orientation (or coin alignment or variations of these) is a feature of coins. When viewing one side of a coin with coin orientation, correct side up, the coin must be flipped about its horizontal axis in order to see the other side the correct way up. In other words, the image on one face of the coin is upside-down relative to the other.

Coins with coin orientation include United States coinage, South Korean coinage, Thai coinage, Swiss coinage and pre-Euro French coinage.

Compare medallic orientation.

Retention of Vision is a conjuring term referring to the perceived image of an object during a vanish (usually associated with vanishing coins). In a Retention of Vision vanish the spectator sees a coin placed on a palm and as the fingers are closed around the coin it is secretly removed, but, due to the fact that the retina still retains a fleeting image of the coin for a fraction of a second, the spectator will be convinced that the coin was placed in the hand, when in fact it wasn’t.

In Coin collecting, brockage refers to a type of error coin in which a side of the coin has both the normal image and a mirror image of the opposite side impressed on it. This is caused by an already minted coin sticking to a die and impressing onto another coin. Brockage is relatively rare and, in good condition, coins showing definite brockage can sell for large amounts of money.

The quinarius was a small Roman coin silver coin valued at half a denarius.

The quinarius was struck for a few years, along with the silver sestertius, following the introduction of the denarius in 211 BC. At this time the quinarius and was valued at 5 asses. The coin was reintroduced in 101 BC as a replacement for the victoriatus, this time valued at 8 asses due to retariffing of the denarius to 16 asses in 118 BC. For a few years following its reintroduction large quantities of quinarii were produced, mostly for circulation in Gaul. The coin was produced sporadically until the 3rd century.

The term gold quinarius or quinarius aureus is used to described the half-aureus, which is valued at 12.5 denarii. This term has no ancient authority.

A coin of account is a unit of money that does not exist as an actual coin (that is, a metal disk) but is used in figuring prices or other amounts of money. For example, the mill (or sometimes, mil) is a coin of account in the United States. It is equal to one-tenth of a penny, and so to one-thousandth of a dollar (= $0.001), whence the name, which means “thousandth.” There was never such a coin minted by the U.S. Federal government, though some states minted these coins well into the mid-1900s. Coins of account are used in accounting and for figuring taxes, usually either property taxes or sales taxes.

The shilling coin was a pre-decimal coin and worth 1/20 of an Irish pound. The coin featured the bull and the original minting of the coin from 1928 until 1942 contained 75% silver, this Irish coin had a higher content than the equivalent British coin. It is believed that this was done so that the new currency would not be seen as a poor substitute to the British currency which circulated alongside. The silver coins are quite noticeable as they have a more “whitish” look than the later cupronickel variety that were minted from 1951, also the silver coins wear less well. The cupronickel variety of coin consisted of 75% copper and 25% nickel.

The coin design, by Percy Metcalf, was a diameter of 0.935 inches (23.7 mm) and weight of 87 3/11 grains (5.655 grams). The last shillings were produced in 1968. When the currency was decimalised this coin continued to circulate alongside its replacement five pence, and the shilling was finally withdrawn from January 1 1993 as a smaller five pence coin was introduced.

• Coinage (Calling In) Order, 1992

The peso (Spanish: “weight” in Portuguese too) is a unit of currency that originated in Spain and is now used by several former Spanish colonies. The peso coin weighed 27 grams and was of 92 percent pure silver.

Today the term peso is sometimes used interchangeably to include the historic Spanish eight real coin (also called the Spanish dollar or colloquially “pieces of eight”), which was the main Spanish coin during colonial times. This is primarily because pesos were of similar weight and diameter to the eight real coin. However the term peso did not appear on Spanish coinage until 1864, and it is more accurate to refer to the older coinage as the eight real coin (or Spanish dollar, or “pieces of eight”).

The peseta is also a unit of currency whose name may be a diminutive of peso.

The pataca (圓) is a unit of currency which means peso in Portuguese.